Pipeline drawing pdf

An important improvement of pipeline technology occurred in the 18th century when cast-iron pipes were manufactured for use as water lines, sewers, and gas pipelines.

A subsequent major event was the introduction of steel pipe in the 19th century, which greatly increased the strength of pipes of all sizes. In , following the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania, the first long-distance oil pipeline was built in this state. It was a 6-inch- diameter, mi-long steel pipeline. Nine years later, an mi-long, 8-inch-diameter pipeline was built to transport natural gas from Kane, Pennsylvania to Buffalo, New York.

The development of high-strength steel pipes made it possible to transport fluids such as natural gas, crude oil, and petroleum products over long distances. Initially, all steel pipes had to be threaded together, which was difficult to do for large pipes, and they often leaked under high pressure.

The development of electric arc welding to join pipes in the late s made it possible to construct leak proof, high-pressure, large-diameter pipelines. Today, virtually all high-pressure piping consists of steel pipe with welded joints.

Large seamless steel pipe was another major milestone achieved in the s. Major innovations in pipeline technology made since include: I. Introduction of new pipeline materials such as ductile iron and large- diameter concrete pressure pipes for water, and PVC polyvinyl chloride pipe for sewers II. Use of pigs to clean the interior of pipelines and to perform other functions III. Batching of different petroleum products in a common pipeline IV.

Use of large side booms to lay pipes, machines to drill or bore under rivers and roads for crossing, machines to bend large pipes in the field, x- rays to detect welding flaws, and so forth. Since , major strides have been made in new pipeline technologies including trenchless construction e.

In most cases, they were built to meet compelling national or international needs. For instance, the U. The Big Inch was a inch cm line designed to transport , bpd barrels per day of crude oil, and the Little Big Inch was a inch cm product pipeline designed to deliver , bpd. Both lines extend from Texas to the East Coast. Now it carries about 20 types of gasoline and 4 types of fuel oil, in addition to kerosene, jet fuel, butane, propane, and alkylate.

Figure is a historic photograph of the Big Inch during construction. Pipelines are poorly understood by the general public because they are most often underground and invisible—out of sight, out of mind! Despite the low degree of recognition by the public, pipelines are vitally important to the economic well- being and security of most nations. All modern nations rely almost exclusively on pipelines to transport the following commodities: I. Water from treatment plants to individual homes and other buildings II.

Sewage from homes to treatment plants III. Natural gas all the way from wells to the consumers who may be located more than a thousand miles away—be it a home, a factory, a school, or a power plant IV. Crude oil from oil fields to refineries V. Refined petroleum products gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil, etc. In the U. As discussed in Section 1. The U. Maps of such pipelines can be obtained from various state, federal, and local agencies. It can be said that pipelines are the lifelines of modern nations.

They are transported over short as well as long distances. Pipelines that transport solids are usually referred to as freight pipelines. The three general types of freight pipelines are slurry pipeline, pneumatic pipeline also called pneumo conveying , and capsule pipeline. The slurry pipeline is used to transport fine particles of solids mixed with a liquid, usually water, to form a paste slurry that can be pumped through the pipeline. It is used commonly in mining for transporting both minerals and mine wastes tailings.

An example is the Black Mesa Coal Slurry Pipeline, which transports 5 million tons of coal each year from Arizona to Nevada, over a distance of mi km , using inch-diameter steel pipe. The slurry in this pipeline is a mixture of fine coal particles of less than 1 mm size and water, at the ratio of approximately 1 to 1 by weight. Figure is a photograph of a pump station of the Black Mesa Pipeline. They are used extensively at train stations to load and unload trains, at ports to load and unload ships, and in factories to receive and convey bulk materials.

Capsule pipelines use either water or air to move freight-laden capsules containers or vessels through pipelines. Small diameter pneumatic capsule pipelines PCPs have been used for transporting mail, money, documents, and many other lightweight products.

Large 1 m diameter PCPs have been used for transporting limestone e. Figure is a photograph of the loading station of a Japanese PCP used for transporting limestone, the raw material needed for manufacturing cement, to a cement plant.

According to this report, the advancement in new pipeline technologies such as capsule pipelines will cause more kinds and greater quantities of solids to be transported by pipelines in the future, further enhancing the importance of pipelines as a means of freight transport in the 21st century.

Figure the cargo loading station of a pneumatic capsule. Depending on the commodity transported, there are water pipelines, sewer, natural-gas pipelines, oil pipelines for crude oil , product pipelines for refined petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel , solid pipelines freight pipelines for various solids, etc. Other methods of classifying pipelines also exist. For instance, depending on the environment or where pipelines are used, there are offshore pipelines, inland pipelines, in- plant pipelines, cross-mountain pipelines, etc.

Depending on the type of burial or support, pipelines may also be classified as underground, aboveground, elevated, and underwater submarine types. Depending on pipe material, there are steel, cast iron, plastic, concrete, and other types. Table lists the classification of pipelines in various ways. It includes components such as pipe, fittings valves, couplings, etc. Even for solids, there are many instances that favor the pipeline over other modes of transportation.

The advantages of pipelines are: I. Economical in many circumstances. Factors that favor pipelines include large throughput, rugged terrain and hostile environment such as transportation through swamps. Under ordinary conditions, pipelines can transport fluids liquids or gases at a fraction of the cost of transportation by truck or train see Figure Solid transport by pipeline is far more complex and costly than fluid transport. Still, in many cases, pipelines are used to transport solids because the cost is lower than for other modes of transportation, such as trucks.

Low energy consumption. The energy intensiveness of large pipelines is much lower than that of trucks, and is even lower than that of rail.

The energy intensiveness is defined as the energy consumed in transporting unit weight of cargo over unit distance, in units such as Btu per ton- mile. Table compares the energy intensiveness of pipelines to those for other modes of transport. Friendly to environment. This is due mainly to the fact that most pipelines are underground. They do not pose most of the environmental problems associated with trucks and trains, such as air pollution, noise, traffic jams on highways and at rail crossings, and killing animals that strayed on highways and railroads.

Oil pipelines may pollute land and rivers when a leak or rupture develops. However, far more spills would occur if trucks and trains transported the same oil. Safe for humans. This is especially true for liquid pipelines and liquid- solid pipelines. The safety of natural gas pipelines is always of strong concern. Gas pipelines under high pressure can explode; however, if trucks and trains transported the same natural gas, it would be much more dangerous to the public.

So, in general, it can be said that pipelines are much safer than all other land-based modes of freight transport. For instance, based on statistics published by the U. Department of Transportation, during the year period between and , the average number of people killed injured by pipelines per year was 23 , which includes 21 92 for natural gas pipelines, and 2 15 for hazardous liquid pipelines. In contrast, the number of people killed injured by large trucks per year during the same period was 5, , This shows that there were times more people killed and times more people injured by trucks than by pipelines.

It can be concluded that pipelines are enormously safer than trucks and trains. Unaffected by weather. Weather does not affect pipelines because most of them are buried underground below the frost line.

High degree of automation. This makes pipelines the least labor-intensive of all transportation modes. Note that labor-intensive societies generally have low living standards. The high living standard in the U. High reliability. Because pipeline operation is continuous, automatic, and unaffected by weather, pipelines are highly reliable. Furthermore, they are least affected by labor strikes, holidays, delivery schedules, etc.

The system operates continuously around the clock without stop. Less sensitive to inflation. Due to high capital cost and low operational cost, pipeline tariffs are less sensitive to inflation than tariffs for trucks and trains. However, high capital cost is great when the interest rate is high.

Water and gas pipelines transport commodities directly to homes, a great convenience to the public. Oil pipelines bring crude oil to refineries and bring refined petroleum products, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, to the market without the products leaving the pipelines. Even when one puts gasoline in a car at a filling station, the gasoline moves through a short pipe hose fitted with a nozzle.

Less susceptible to theft. Because pipelines are mostly underground and enclosed, the commodities transported by pipelines are less susceptible to theft than those transported by truck and train. Efficient land use. Underground pipelines allow surface land to be used for other purposes. This results in more efficient land use. High degree of security. Because pipelines are underground and fixed to the ground, terrorists cannot hijack a pipeline, as they can trucks and aircraft, and use it as a lethal weapon to destroy a major building or other important target.

Also, it is far more difficult for terrorists to attack an underground pipeline and inflict catastrophic damage to it than to an aboveground structure such as a bridge or a power plant. Moreover, underground pipelines are inaccessible to people except at the inlet and outlet. Thus, they can be more easily guarded against attack or sabotage. Even though any unguarded long pipeline right-of-way may be vulnerable to sabotage, the damage that can be achieved is rather limited.

Pipeline companies have the ability to repair a damaged underground pipe and return it to service within hours. Such sabotage activities can also be detected easily by spy satellites and other means of remote sensing. For these reasons, pipelines must be low on the priority lists of targets of terrorists.

This is not to say that security should not be of concern to pipeline companies. Two types of pipelines that require the greatest protection in terms of security are pipelines that supply drinking water, and natural gas pipelines that pass through densely populated areas. Thus pipelines are mainly classified in three categories depending on purpose or classified into two categories according to environment where it is constructed. While is conceivable that a large pipeline operator would have the internal resources both trained and experienced manpower and equipment to undertake all phases of pipeline construction, it is more likely that virtually all of the major phases of construction will be contracted out to companies possessing the necessary expertise and capacities to complete the task.

While that guarantees the critical requirements of pipeline construction will be met, it also introduces the need to control logistics to ensure that all contractor activities are coordinated and not mutually exclusive of one another.

Figure The actual installation of the pipeline includes these major steps: 1. Clearing the ROW as needed. Stringing pipe joints along the ROW. Welding the pipe joints together. Applying a coating and wrapping the exterior of the pipe except for the portions of the pipe at each end, which is sometimes coated before being delivered to the job site. Lowering the pipeline into the ditch.

Backfilling the ditch. Testing the line for leaks. Cleanup and drying the pipeline after testing to prepare it for operation.

Reclaiming impacted environmental areas. Pre-construction activities including setting up of temporary construction compounds and facilities. Preparation of temporary working areas. Construction of the Landfall Valve Installation.

Construction of stone road in peatland areas. Installation of the Onshore Gas Pipeline and associated services. Grouting of tunnel. Commissioning and Reinstatement. These activities, which are outlined below, involve detailed surveys and consultation with landowners, statutory bodies and the public.

Training in health, safety and environmental issues will be provided for staff during the mobilization period. Linked palisade fence sections will form a continuous, 3m high fenced boundary to the temporary working area. Lengths of pipe will be transported along the temporary working area or by public road from a local storage point the Terminal or directly from its storage location in accordance with the Traffic Management Plan TMP.

The water outfall pipeline, umbilical and services will be strung out and laid in the same trench as the gas pipeline. Special hydraulic bending machines will be used for this purpose. Pre- formed or forged bends may also be used. Figure Figure Pipe Bending 2. The pipeline will be welded together in sections along the side of the trench prior to lifting the pipe string into the trench.

Welding will be carried out manually by suitably qualified welders or automatically by using welding machines. The welding process will be carried out in accordance with approved procedures. Strict acceptance criteria will be applied in accordance with relevant standards. Any unacceptable defect detected will either be repaired or the joint cut out and re-welded.

The repair weld is subject to the same testing and inspection requirements as the original weld. Additional tests may be required. Following welding, coatings will be applied to the field joints and other areas where metal is exposed. The depth of the trench may vary but will allow a minimum reinstated cover of 1. Any flaws identified will be rectified and re-tested. This method prevents excessive settlement of the backfill at a later date.

Figure pipes backfilling 2. This entails the construction of a concrete lined tunnel into which the pipeline and associated services are subsequently installed. The drilling fluid containing this material is pumped back to the bentonite handling plant located at the tunneling compound via dedicated hoses through the advancing tunnel bore.

However, it should be noted that suitable alternative drilling fluids, such as water mixed with polymer additives, may also be used. The need for surface intervention would only arise in exceptional circumstances. The potential environmental impacts associated with the construction of an intervention pit have been assessed for completeness only.

Gantry Crane III. Power Generation Plant V. Storage Tanks VI. Settlement Lagoon VII. In some cases, the pipeline is mostly on-land but in places it crosses water expanses, such as small seas, straights and rivers. Submarine pipelines are used primarily to carry oil or gas, but transportation of water is also important. This selection has to consider a variety of issues, some of a political nature, but most others dealing with geohazards, physical factors along the prospective route, and other uses of the seabed in the area considered.

This task begins with a fact-finding exercise, which is a standard desk study that includes a survey of geological maps, bathymetry, fishing charts, aerial and satellite photography, as well as information from navigation authorities.

Seabed mobility: Sand waves and mega ripples are features that move with time II. Submarine landslides: They result from high sedimentation rates and occur on steeper slopes III. Currents: High currents are objectionable in that they hinder pipe laying operations IV. Waves: In shallow waters, waves can also be problematic for pipeline laying operations V. Ice-related issues: In freezing waters, floating ice features often drift into shallower waters, and their keel comes into contact with the seabed VI.

Other pipelines: If and where the proposed pipeline intersects an existing one VII. Ship anchors IX. Military activities 2. Submarine pipelines generally vary in diameter from 3 inches for gas lines, to 72 inches for high capacity lines II. Wall thicknesses typically range from 10 mm 0. The pipe can be designed for fluids at high temperature and pressure. The walls are made from high-yield strength steel, MPa 50, 70, psi , IV.

Weldability being one of the main selection criteria. The structure is often shielded against external corrosion by coatings such as bitumastic or epoxy, supplemented by cathodic protection with sacrificial anodes. Concrete or fiberglass wrapping provides further protection against abrasion. But when it carries seawater or corrosive substances, it can be coated with epoxy, polyurethane or polyethylene; VII. It can also be cement-lined. In the petroleum industry, where leaks are unacceptable and system 3 pipelines are subject to internal pressures typically in the order of 10 MPa psi , the segments are joined by full penetration welds VIII.

Mechanical joints are also used. A pig is a standard device in pipeline transport, be it on-land or offshore. It is used to test for hydrostatic pressure, to check for dents and crimps on the sidewalls inside the pipe, and to conduct periodic cleaning and minor repairs. Figure Figure Pipes supply ship 2.

Figure a a b Figure a J-lay system, b S-lay system 2. Figure Figure pipes aligned 2. Frist station is the root filling then the hot pass then to the stations equal to remaining passes. Two pipe lay methods are commonly used for this type of installation: the S-lay method and J-lay method.

Figure S-lay System 2. J-lay method is considered to be suitable for m. Nearly all of the mainline pipe is buried, but other pipeline components such as pump stations are above ground.

Some lines are as short as a mile, while others may extend 1, miles or more. Some are very simple, connecting a single source to a single destination, while others are very complex, having many sources, destinations, and interconnections. Figure Figure Metallic pipes 2.

Seamed Made of steel sheets or steel plates rolled or press formed into circular shape, with the edge scam of each pipe closed by welding. Seamless Seamless steel pipe is made without a longitudinal weld by hot working lengths of steel to produce pipe of the desired size and properties.

Used extensively in sewer and drainage systems where both the internal pressure water pressure and the external pressure soil pressure are low and where leakage will not cause serious problems. Gray cast-iron pipe has relatively strong corrosion- resistance ability and long life. In the first designation. The number 18 means that the minimum bursting tensile strength is 18, psi, and the number 40 means that the minimum modules of rupture i. Have the advantages of gray cast-iron pipe corrosion- resistance and long life and steel pipe ductility.

Steel contains chrome-nickel alloys, and corrosion resistant. High price, used only in special applications such as: when the fluid, or environment is rather corrosive, when no rusting of pipe can be tolerated such as in pharmaceutical or food industries. Aluminum is low in strength but easy to weld.

Pipes formed by a drawing or extrusion process; they are seamless. Pipes can be formed by cold drawing, Note that many of the stainless steel, aluminum and copper pipes are actually tubing rather than pipes. There different types of nonmetallic pipes. Figure Figure Nonmetallic pipes 2. PVC polyvinyl chloride II.

PE polyethylene III. Where such substitutions are made, the manufacturer shall demonstrate the effectiveness of the method selected using a procedure that is mutually agreed upon. This procedure may include, but is not necessarily limited to, hardness testing, microstructural evaluation, or mechanical testing. For grades X42 and lower, the weld seam shall be similarly heat treated, or the pipe shall be processed in such a manner that no untampered martensite remains.

Electric welding shall be performed with a minimum welder frequency of kHz. For all grades, the weld seam and the entire heat affected zone shall be heat treated so as to simulate a normalizing heat treatment, except that by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer alternative heat treatments or combinations of heat treatment and chemical composition may be substituted.

The weld seam and the entire heat affected zone of laser welded pipe shall be heat treated so as to simulate a normalizing heat treatment, except that by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, an alternative process may be substituted.

Where such substitution is made, the manufacturer shall demonstrate the effectiveness of the method selected, using a procedure that is mutually agreed upon. Note: During the manufacture of laser welded pipe, the product is in motion through the surrounding air. Normalizing is usually defined with "cooling in still air;" hence the phrase "to simulate a normalizing heat treatment" is used here. This type of pipe is also known as submerged- arc welded pipe 2. At least one pass shall be on the inside and at least one pass shall be on the outside.

The gas metal- arc welding process shall be continuous and first, and followed by the automatic submerged- arc welding process with at least one pass on the inside and at least one pass on the outside.

The seams shall be approximately apart. For each seam, at least one pass shall be on the inside and at least one pass shall be on the outside. All weld tests shall be performed after forming and welding. For each seam, the gas metal-arc welding shall be continuous and first, and followed by the automatic submerged-arc welding process with at least one pass on the inside and at least one pass on the outside.

This type of pipe is also known as spiral weld pipe. They dictate manufacturing and testing requirements and prescribed methods of measuring the required mechanical and physical properties.

Without specifications, it would be difficult for the pipe buyer to establish a common ground of understanding with the producer as to product requirements. When the pipe producer marks a specification on this product they warrant that the pipe is made from prime quality steel and meets all the requirements of the specification.

Standard pipe is manufactured and tested as prescribed by ASTM formerly American Society for Testing Materials , an international, non-profit technical and Scientific organization formed for "the consensus development of standards on characteristics and performance of materials, products, systems and services.

These committees function under regulations that ensure balanced representation among producers, users and general interest groups.

The API operates similarly to the ASTM except that producers, consumers, and associations with primary interests in oil or gas are involved. Grade B has higher tensile and yield strength than Grade A. It is manufactured to higher carbon content steel. Grade A, being a softer steel, is easier to bend and is recommended for use in close coiling and cold bending. Grade B has higher stress values and is better suited for machining operations. One of the more recent has been to make the specifications fit with metric, and more correctly, with the measurements of pipe and the related fittings.

To change the pipe outside diameter OD and wall thickness, simply multiply the SI dimensions by the appropriate factor to convert to metric. However, an inch is not a real inch. Nowhere on pipe 12" and smaller is there a corresponding measurement because this size has no real numerical value.

This is accomplished by using flanges and fittings. Selecting a flange or fitting requires the engineer to: I. Know the types of flanges and fittings that can be used based on industry standards. Select a material specification, material group and class, given design pressure, temperature, and pipe material. Such disassembly may be required for maintenance, inspection or operational reasons. A flange assembly consists of: I. Two flanges. A gasket to provide a seal between the flanges.

Bolting to keep the assembly together. One flange is attached to each of the items being joined. For example, a flanged valve may be installed in a piping system, and the pipe ends on each side of it also will have flanges. The gasket provides the seal between the fluid in the pipe and the outside, and thus prevents leakage. Bolts compress the gasket to achieve the seal, and hold the flanges together against pressure and another loading. There are several types of flanges, flange attachment methods, flange facings, and gasket types.

Threaded flanges are used only for small-diameter piping system. Figure Threaded Figure flange 2. Figure Figure Blind flange 2. It is slipped over the pipe OD and projects slightly beyond the pipe end. Slip-on flanges are typically a lower cost alternative and requires less welding to attach it to the pipe. Figure Figure Slip-on flange 2. The pipe is inserted into this "socket" and the flange fillet is welded to the pipe OD. Figure Figure Socket-welded flange 2. It is slipped over a pipe stub that has a flared end, the pipe stub is welded to the major pipe section.

The end of the flange is butt-welded to the end of the pipe. The flange bore is sized to match the pipe bore. A welding-neck flange is the most widely used in refinery services because of its greater strength and ability to be used at high temperature and in cyclic service. Figure Figure Welding-neck flange 2.

There is no change elevation in proceeding from the flange inside diameter to its outside diameter. Figure Figure Flat-faced flange 2. It is referred to as a raised face because the gasket surfaces are raised above the bolting circle face.

Figure Figure Raised-face flange 2. They have grooves cut into their faces which steel ring gaskets. The flanges seal when tightened bolts compress the gasket between the flanges into the grooves.

The three general gasket types that are typically used in pipe flanges for process plant and pipeline applications are: I. Spiral wound. Solid metal ring 2. Figure Spiral- Figure wound gasket 2.

The octagonal ring seals by surface wedging contact with the flange groove. The oval ring seals by line contact. Figure Figure Metal ring- joint gasket 2. There has been increasing concern regarding the ultimate availability of sheet asbestos. Therefore, it is important to be familiar with their types; applications and limits imposed by associations and other industry standards. These fittings assist the piping process in various aspects, such as diverting the flow, tapping the process for temperature reading or pressure indication, draining or venting the piping and so on.

Therefore, to complete the picture of the piping system fittings should be known and understood also, sometimes, it is necessary for two sections of pipe to intersect when flows must be combined or separated.

We will discusses various types of fitting to serve this purpose. Sometimes, the intersection location between the two pipes is weakened because a section of pipe wall must be removed to permit the two flows to split or combine. Pipe fittings are used extensively in process plants as well as other piping systems. They serve the overall process in many aspects such as the following: I.

Change the flow direction. Bringing two or more pipes together. Diverting a single flow into two branching flows or more. Altering the pipe diameter. Tapping the process for temperature or pressure readings. Terminating a pipe. There are many kinds of pipe fittings; some are standard types others could be proprietary controlled by patent regulations. In general, there are three attachment methods may be used for fittings, each of which has some limitations: I.

Figure Figure Elbow 2. A straight tee has equal diameters for both the run and branch pipe connections. Figure Figure Reducers 2. The lap-joint flange is first slipped over the stub end, the stub end is then butt welded to the end of the pipe section.

Figure 2. A pipe cap rather than a blind flange is used in situations where it is known that the pipe end will not have to be opened.

This Standard covers a wide range of material types, and will typically be the flange standard used for process plant applications. ASME B As the number of the class increases, the strength of the flanges within it increases. Manufacturing details. Maximum hardness limitations.

Heat treatment. Piping drawings provide guidelines to design and construction activities of piping items. In this article, we will explore the piping drawing basics for Engineering companies.

For designing process or power piping, mostly five types of piping drawings are developed. These drawings are developed from the schematics, basic design basis, and specifications for process piping. The piping plan or general arrangement drawings Fig. All Main piping items valves, fittings, etc , instrumentation, access ladders, and platforms are shown.

The GA usually shows a plan top view with elevations side and sectional drawings with piping dimensions and details including line numbers, size, specification, the direction of flow, etc. General arrangement drawings are produced for specific mechanical equipment as well which presents major dimensions in two-dimensional views. All nozzles, supporting details, etc. It will:. A process flow diagram explains relationships between major equipment of a plant and informs the fluid flow direction and connectivity between various equipment through the piping system.

PFD is important to easily understand any process, provide quality control, and increase efficiency. The pipe sizes, pipe class, instrument tags, safety valves, isometric number, type of valves, etc. It is a single line schematic drawing that includes all equipment, instruments and controls, major valves and line sizes with pipe specifications. It is the first important document that controls the activity of all other related engineering groups. A plot plan Fig. So it gives an overview of the entire plant.

This allows the piping engineer to arrange equipment to optimize the design to reduce cost. Plot plant as a type of piping drawings is drawn in a to-the-scale drawing. The main purpose behind a plot plan layout drawing is to find the exact area available and how those spaces are used for piping, structure, and equipment positioning. A Plot plan provides the following information:. Piping Isometric drawings Fig. They are not to the scale, single line diagram with symbols for pipe components, weld points, and supports.

Isometric drawings are used:. All the above drawings are very important project documents and must be prepared with utmost thought and care to reduce the amount of rework at a later stage.